托福官方出题机构ETS的思路并非无章可循。通过对于机经的研究，昂立海外考试部在此对于6月份的考题做出预测。除了深厚的英语学习基础，通过预测，我们可以更好地有的放矢，在已有英语水平上考出超出自己水平的托福分数。
WRITING SECTION
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Integrated writing task: | Topic discussed | an argument about people’s yawning | | Notes | Reading:Main point: three reasons for yawning Key point 1: while the blood is lacking oxygen, people would probably want to yawn.Key point 2: when women are pregnant, mothers would release a kind of chemical and because of this, babies have to protect themselves by yawning.(reflex behavior)Key point 3: yawning is a good behavior. to cool blood flowing in the brain | Lecture:Main idea: reasons for yawning challengedKey point 1: according to the reading, the theory should be that while the blood is not lacking oxygen, people will not yawn any more. however the truth is opposite.Key point 2: there are a lot of behaviors when babies are in their mothers’ stomachs. However other behaviors disappeared when babies grow up.Key point 3: according to the passage, while people are living in cold conditions, they will not yawn. But the truth is that no matter people are living in a hot or cold environment, people still yawn. | | Glossary | yawn
v. 打哈欠to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply because you are tired or bored. reflex behavior.
[医] 反射行为, 指婴儿出生时具有的各种反射行为（reflex behavior），例如探索反射（rooting reflex）、抓取反射（grasping reflex）等。pregnant adj. 怀孕的 | | Sample writing | Both the reading passage and the lecture focus on yawning. The reading passage puts forward three possible reasons for yawning while the lecturer holds the opposite view, challenging the arguments in the reading passage.The first point mentioned by the author is that yawning could probably increase the level of oxygen in blood. The lack of oxygen will result in yawning. However, the lecturer refutes this by saying that according to the author’s opinion, people would not yawn any more when their oxygen level was balanced. He also gives an example that in real life people who take in pure oxygen still yawn. Second, the reading passage states that yawning may be the unborn-babies’ reflex behaviors by which they could get rid of a certain kind of liquid in their lungs. The lecturer casts doubt on this idea. He argues that reflex behaviors would gradually disappear as babies grow up. But adults still yawn.
Third, the reading passage points out that yawning could cool blood flowing into the brain. However, in the listening passage, the speaker disagrees with this idea by saying that if the author’s view is true, then people in tropic areas are prone to yawn more often. But there is no convincing evidence to show the connection between yawning and weather.
To sum up, the author of the reading passage indicates three possible reasons why people yawn. The lecturer, on the other hand, believes all of these are not convincing enough.
(244 words) | | Supplementary readings | Why do we yawn?Almost everyone yawns when they feel sleepy. So do most animals. But we don't completely understand why people and animals for that matter, yawn. It's widely assumed that yawning occurs because we are tired or bored or because we see someone else doing it, but there isn't any hard evidence to support these beliefs.Scientists do not purport to know all of the biological mechanisms of the yawn, but tend to agree that a yawn is an involuntary respiratory reflex, which regulates the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood.Technically, a yawn is the reflex opening of the mouth followed by the deep inhalation and slow exhalation of oxygen.The very act of yawning is but one of a number of involuntary reflexes controlled by the spinal and nerve centers.Scientists speculate that the onset of a yawn is triggered either by fatigue, or by sheer boredom as, at those times, breathing is shallow, and little oxygen is carried to the lungs by the oxygen-toting cardiovascular system.When one yawns, his or her alertness is heightened, as the sudden intake of oxygen increases the heart rate, rids the lungs and the bloodstream of the carbon dioxide buildup, and forces oxygen through blood vessels in the brain, while restoring normal breathing and ventilating the lungs.This quite plausible theory of yawning falls short of explaining many aspects of yawning. Scientists explain away the "contagious" nature of yawning, that is when one person's yawn triggers another nearby to yawn, as due to the power of suggestion, but are at a loss when attempting to explain why yawning occurs excessively in patients with lower brainstem damage or with multiple sclerosis.Other unlocked mysteries include why fetuses in the womb yawn, when it is a well-known fact that they do not intake oxygen into their lungs until after live birth, or why individuals with high concentrations of oxygen in their blood streams yawn.Until these questions are answered, do not assume that a person who yawns in your presence is bored with what you are saying, or suffers from exhaustion. Simply be pleased that he or she is not bored to death. |
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Independent writing task: Essay question
| Some people think that children should only play sports for fun while other people think that children should play sports for competition or contests. What’s your opinion?
Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
| Brainstorming
| Pros & cons of “just for fun” þ
happy childhood
þ
no pressure ý
might be boring ý
without supervision→safety concern ý
no sense of achievement
| Pros & cons of “for competition or contests” þ
make sports more interesting and attractive þ
develop the sense of competition
þ
raise the awareness of teams ý
target-oriented
| Words & expressions
| deny 1 [VERB] V n, V that, V -ing
When you deny something, you state that it is not true.
She denied both accusations...
The government has denied that there was a plot to assassinate the president...
They all denied ever having seen her.
≠ admit
2 [VERB] V n n, V pron-refl n
If you deny someone something that they need or want, you refuse to let them have it.
If he is unlucky, he may find that his ex-partner denies him access to his children...
Don't deny yourself pleasure...
= refuse competitive 1 [ADJ]
Competitive is used to describe situations or activities in which people or firms compete with each other.
Only by keeping down costs will America maintain its competitive advantage over other countries...
Japan is a highly competitive market system...
Universities are very competitive for the best students.
● competitively [ADV] ADV after v
He's now back up on the slopes again, skiing competitively in events for the disabled.
2 [ADJ]
A competitive person is eager to be more successful than other people.
He has always been ambitious and fiercely competitive...
I'm a very competitive person and I was determined not be beaten.
● competitively [ADV] ADV after v
They worked hard together, competitively and under pressure.
● competitiveness [N-UNCOUNT]
I can't stand the pace, I suppose, and the competitiveness, and the unfriendliness.
3 [ADJ]
Goods or services that are at a competitive price or rate are likely to be bought, because they are less expensive than other goods of the same kind.
Only those homes offered for sale at competitive prices will secure interest from serious purchasers.
relentless 1 [ADJ]
Something bad that is relentless never stops or never becomes less intense.
The pressure now was relentless.
● relentlessly [ADV]
The sun is beating down relentlessly.
2 [ADJ]
Someone who is relentless is determined to do something and refuses to give up, even if what they are doing is unpleasant or cruel.
Relentless in his pursuit of quality, his technical ability was remarkable...
● relentlessly [ADV]
She always questioned me relentlessly. consequences 1 [N-COUNT] usu with supp, oft N of n
The consequences of something are the results or effects of it.
Her lawyer said she understood the consequences of her actions and was prepared to go to jail...
An economic crisis may have tremendous consequences for our global security.
2 [PHRASE] PHR with cl/group
If one thing happens and then another thing happens in consequence or as a consequence, the second thing happens as a result of the first.
His death was totally unexpected and, in consequence, no plans had been made for his replacement...
...people who are suffering and dying as a consequence of cigarette smoking...
3 [PHRASE] oft with brd-neg, n PHR, v-link PHR
Something or someone of consequence is important or valuable. If something or someone is of no consequence, or of little consequence, they are not important or valuable. (FORMAL)
As an overseer, he suddenly found himself a person of consequence...
Where he is from is of no consequence to me.
= importance step into to start doing something, or become involved in a situation
Sally stepped into the role of team leader dilemma A dilemma is a difficult situation in which you have to choose between two or more alternatives.
He was faced with the dilemma of whether or not to return to his country... overstate to talk about something in a way that makes it seem more important, serious etc than it really is
= exaggerate
To say that all motorists speed in residential areas is overstating the case.
The importance of a child's early years cannot be overstated (=is very important) .
| Sample writing
| 本次考试题目类似于OG上的136 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 根据OG上的这个话题，给出一篇学生习作,大家一起来看一下这篇习作的优缺点。 Playing games is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the world. Every country has a number of popular games that are played all the time. For example, in China, Mahjong and Chinese Chess are both very popular. I think playing games in itself is full of fun; winning a game is just a pleasure extra. It would be impossible to think that one could win a game all the time when they first start playing it. This is especially true for strategy games such as the above-mentioned. In many cases, playing against the top players of a game and losing is an honor, not a disappointment. The age-old adage says that practice makes perfect. This is as true in games as it is in any other endeavor. In order to win a game all of the time, you need to practice it over and over and learn the strategies of the game. Practice is necessary to win a game. If this was really an annoying process, no one would ever play games. However, it is the journey of the game, not the destination that is important. Going through the actual game is the fun part; if one wins a game, it is an added bonus. People truly enjoy the process of playing a game. If winning was the only thing that was important, we would all play “Rock-Paper-Scissors” all of the time. People enjoy the process of playing a game because of the social aspects. Playing a game, especially a long, enduring game like Mahjong is a bonding experience. Many of these games can last for days, being picked up and left off time and time again. Games are great for boding with other people, which makes them excellent for improving one’s social skills, in addition to having fun. In conclusion, I strongly believe that games can be fun even if I am not the winner. Games must be played a multitude of times if one hopes to get good at them, and this is a fun process to go through. Games bring us closer to our friends, as we have fun experiences with them. There are many excellent reasons to play a game besides winning. (369 words) |
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